Human Genome Project 2003 – The Fundamental Code of Life

Human Genome Project  (HGP) is an international effort to study our  DNA by determining the genetic sequence of approximately three billion chemical base pairs and gaining an understanding of about 20,000 genes. Genes are units of inheritance, structured as stretches of DNA encoding a protein or RNA molecule with a particular function. 

HGP began in 1990 under American molecular biologist James Watson, later led by American physician and geneticist Francis Collins. American biologist Craig Venter, founder of Celera Genomics, ran a parallel effort. This DNA sequence not only helps us understand human diseases but also explains relationships between humans and other animals.

In 2001, Collins said of the publication of most of the human genome:

“It is a history book: an account of our species' journey through time. It is a shop manual: an extraordinarily detailed blueprint for building every human cell. And it is a transformative medical textbook, filled with insights that will give healthcare providers tremendous new powers to cure, prevent and treat disease.”

A more complete sequence announced in 2003 is regarded as a turning point in the history of civilisation.

To help construct the human genetic sequence, the genome was first divided into smaller pieces. These were inserted into bacteria to make numerous copies and create a stable source, or library, of DNA clones. Assembling larger sequences from the pieces required complex computer analyses.

Except for identical twins, individual human genomes differ. Future research will continue comparing sequences from different individuals to help scientists better understand the role of genetics in disease and differences between people. 

Only 1% of the genome sequence encodes proteins. The number of human genes falls between that of grape plants (~30,400 genes) and chickens (~16,700 genes). Interestingly, almost half the human genome consists of transposable elements, jumping DNA pieces that can move around, on and between chromosomes.

Historical figures mentioned in the article: James Dewey Watson (b. 1928), John Craig Venter (b. 1946), Francis Sellers Collins (b. 1950)

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*Beyond HGP, results from the Neanderthal Genome Project allow human genomes to be compared with sequences from our close evolutionary relatives, the Neanderthals, who became extinct about 30,000 years ago.