How Long Does It Take for Cancer Drugs to Leave the Body?
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How long does it take for cancer drugs to leave the body?
This is actually three separate questions , and answering one does not answer the other two: how long does the drug remain in the blood, how long is it excreted in urine and feces, and how long do its effects last? Most patients asking this question really mean the second: "Can I use the same toilet as my spouse at home, or hold my grandchild?" This article answers that first, then provides a drug-by-drug table.
- The duration of household precautions is not determined by blood half-life. The general rule after chemotherapy is 48 hours; for some drugs and in some guidelines, this extends to 7 days as the upper limit.
- A fact almost never mentioned in patient information: drugs are excreted in feces for longer than in urine . Doxorubicin: 6 days in urine, 7 in feces; methotrexate: 3 days in urine, 7 in feces.
- We should also state what is not prohibited: kissing, hugging, sharing a bed or toilet, and eating together are not prohibited.
- Saying cisplatin "leaves the body in 3-5 days" is wrong in two respects. The half-life of active (free) cisplatin is 20-30 minutes, whereas protein-bound platinum may remain detectable in blood for years . But this is no longer active drug; it is inert residue.
- For radioactive iodine, "approximately a week" rests on the wrong mechanism. Its physical half-life is 8 days, but its effective half-life in the body is 10.5-15.7 hours. Precaution periods, however, are much longer and follow a separate list.
- Why is the half-life of 5-FU 8-20 minutes? Because an enzyme called DPD breaks it down rapidly. In patients deficient in this enzyme, the drug is not eliminated and severe poisoning occurs, which is why testing before treatment is recommended.
Three Separate Clocks
Half-life (t½): The time needed for the amount of drug in the blood to fall by half. A rough rule: after approximately 5 half-lives, 97% of the drug has been eliminated. For a drug with a 24-hour half-life, that takes approximately 5 days.
But half-life does not explain these three things separately on its own:
- Time circulating in the blood —this is what half-life measures.
- Time excreted in urine and feces — this determines household precautions and is generally longer than the first.
- Duration of effect —almost unrelated to the other two. A hormone injection may disappear from the blood within hours but act for months; an immunotherapy drug may change the immune system for months after leaving the body.
Doxorubicin's distribution half-life is 5 minutes, while its terminal half-life is 20-48 hours. This does not mean strong activity in the blood for two days: it distributes into tissues in the first minutes, and what is measured afterward is tiny amounts slowly leaking back. Terminal half-life indicates not how long a drug works but how long it remains measurable in the body.
The Real Question: What Should I Do at Home?
The duration most commonly given in international cancer organizations' patient information is 48 hours; some say 48-72 hours. Oncology pharmacy standards are more cautious and use "up to 7 days" . For drugs taken orally every day, the period is counted as the entire course plus 48 hours in total.
From Turkey: The Turkish Oncology Nursing Association's Chemotherapy Unit Standards give the following exact patient instruction: "For 2 days after taking the drug… flush the toilet twice."
- At the toilet, everyone, including men, should sit to urinate. This is the single most effective way to prevent splashing.
- Close the lid and flush twice.
- Wash hands with soap after every use.
- Family members who will handle body fluids should wear gloves for vomit, urine, feces, sweat or soiled laundry. Some sources recommend double gloves.
- Wash soiled laundry separately in hot water, then wash it again.
- Double-bag disposable materials.
- Use condoms during sexual contact for 48 hours including vaginal, anal and oral sex.
- Children and pregnant people should not touch contaminated materials.
- Breastfeeding: Reliable data are unavailable; ask your treatment team rather than relying on a recommended interval here.
People receiving chemotherapy fear harming loved ones, often leading to unnecessary isolation. Major cancer centers explicitly state: kissing is safe. Also, hugging, holding hands, sharing a bed or toilet, eating together and continuing normal life—except sharing drinking glasses— are not prohibited.
Precautions target direct contact with body fluids , not the person.
For Which Drugs Is the Period Longer Than 48 Hours?
According to the only consolidated published table, drugs remain detectable in urine and feces for the following periods:
| Drug | In urine | In feces |
|---|---|---|
| Cisplatin | 7 days | — |
| Doxorubicin | 6 days | 7 days |
| Daunorubicin | 7 days | 7 days |
| Methotrexate | 3 days | 7 days |
| Cyclophosphamide | 3 days | 5 days |
| 5-Fluorouracil | 2 days | 5 days |
1. Fecal excretion almost always lasts longer than urinary excretion. Almost no patient information mentions this, yet it is the real determinant of how long toilet precautions are needed.
2. For cisplatin, anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin) and methotrexate, 48 hours is not enough —a week of precautions is safer for these drugs. Ask your team which group your drug belongs to.
Transparency: the measurements behind this table are old, its greatest weakness. Nevertheless, it is the only consolidated source that can be cited on this subject.
One study detected cyclophosphamide in the urine of 5 of 10 people living with patients receiving chemotherapy (17-252 ng), but in none of the controls. In the same study, 63% of patients continued excreting the drug beyond 48 hours, some for up to 5 days in their urine.
However, no instance of demonstrated harm from this exposure in household members has been found. The accurate statement is: exposure has been demonstrated; harm has not . Precautions exist because a safe dose is unknown. This provides the right framework for taking precautions seriously without unnecessary fear.
Household precautions (48 hours - 7 days) and contraception do not cover the same period; the second is much longer. For example, after the last dose of trastuzumab, 7 months; for pembrolizumab, 4 months; for lutetium-177 treatment, 14 weeks. Tamoxifen also requires a waiting period after discontinuation.
"Everything returns to normal after two days" applies to toilet precautions, definitely not to planning pregnancy. Each drug has its own interval; ask your treatment team.
Elimination by Drug Group
1. Chemotherapy Drugs
| Drug | Half-life | Elimination route and notes |
|---|---|---|
| 5-Fluorouracil | 8-20 minutes | This exceptionally short period is due to an enzyme: DPD. In deficient patients, the drug is not eliminated—see below. |
| Cisplatin | Free (active) drug: 20-30 minutes | See the box below—a typical example of a drug whose elimination is misrepresented. |
| Paclitaxel | 13.1-52.7 hours depending on dose and infusion duration | Of the excreted amount, 71% is eliminated through bile and feces, not the kidneys. The frequently repeated “27 hours” is not correct as a single fixed value. |
| Doxorubicin | Distribution takes 5 minutes; the terminal half-life is 20-48 hours. | It is processed in the liver and eliminated through bile. Its effects on the heart require a lifetime cumulative dose limit — an issue separate from elimination. |
| Methotrexate (high dose) | It depends on kidney function; delayed elimination is an emergency. | See the separate section below. |
A common explanation is: “It is eliminated through the kidneys in 3-5 days, while inactive metabolites remain for weeks.” This is incorrect in both respects. The correct explanation is:
- The half-life of free (active) cisplatin is only 20-30 minutes. The drug disappears very quickly in its active form.
- Within 3 hours, 90% of the drug binds to blood proteins and, in the source’s words, these bonds “do not dissociate to any significant extent.” In other words, the bound platinum does not return to exert an effect.
- This bound platinum remains in the blood for a long time: the terminal half-life of platinum in red blood cells is 36-47 days,and platinum in plasma has been detected even 20 years after treatment.
- The amount excreted in urine over 5 days is 35-51%. of the dose.
The correct interpretation: platinum detected years later is not “chemotherapy still circulating in the body,” but an inactive burden. This distinction directly affects a patient’s anxiety: “It is still inside me after 20 years” is technically correct but clinically misleading. In contrast, long-term monitoring of kidney function really is important.
2. Targeted therapies
| Drug | Half-life | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Imatinib | ~18 hours | Its active metabolite (CGP74588) has a half-life of ~40 hours — this is the main determining factor. It is processed in the liver and eliminated through bile. |
| Erlotinib | 36.2 hours | It is processed in the liver and eliminated through bile and feces. |
| Sorafenib | 25-48 hours | It is processed in the liver and eliminated through bile. |
| Trastuzumab | 12.6-26.6 days (when given every 3 weeks) | There is no single fixed value; it varies with the dose. The useful practical figure is: it takes 7 months for approximately 97% of the drug to leave the body — which is also why contraception is required for 7 months. |
With drugs such as trastuzumab and pembrolizumab, the statement “metabolized in the liver” is incorrect for monoclonal antibodies. These drugs:
- Are not filtered by the kidneys — their molecular weight (~150 kDa) is well above the kidney filtration threshold (~55 kDa).
- Do not pass through the liver’s drug-processing enzyme system (CYP).
- The body handles them as it breaks down any protein, splitting them into amino acids (through the reticuloendothelial system and macrophages). Some are also taken into cells and degraded together with the target to which they bind.
- Their long half-lives result from a recycling mechanism called FcRn: a cell takes up the antibody but returns it to the bloodstream without breaking it down.
This has a practical consequence: because they do not use liver enzymes, antibody drugs have almost no conventional interactions with other drugs — unlike small-molecule targeted drugs such as imatinib and erlotinib.
3. Hormone-suppressing drugs
| Drug | Half-life | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Tamoxifen | 5-7 days | Its metabolite is the main determining factor: the half-life of N-desmethyltamoxifen is approximately 14 days,and reaching a steady blood level takes 8 weeks. This is why its effects continue for weeks after the drug is stopped. |
| Letrozole | ~2 days | Its effects last longer than the drug itself, because it suppresses the enzyme, and producing the enzyme again takes time. |
| Abiraterone | 14.4-16.5 hours | The frequently repeated value of “12 hours” does not match the current product information. |
| Leuprolide | ~3 hours for the immediate-release formulation | This figure is not relevant to most patients. See below. |
Drugs such as leuprolide, used in prostate cancer, have a half-life of a few hours — but patients receive a depot formulation, which releases the drug gradually over 1 to 6 months. Thus, the statement “its half-life is 3 hours” has no practical meaning for a patient receiving an injection that lasts three months.
The general rule: for depot and extended-release formulations, the determining factor is the carrier’s release duration, not the drug’s half-life. This also explains why the effects of hormone therapy continue for months after it is stopped.
4. Immunotherapies
Checkpoint inhibitors have similar half-lives: pembrolizumab 22 days, nivolumab 25 days, and atezolizumab 27 days. Using the approximate rule of five half-lives, this means that clearing most of the drug from the body takes 3-4.5 months in total.
In immunotherapy, when the drug itself disappears is the least clinically interesting question. These drugs work by changing the immune system, and this change may continue after the drug has left the body. This has two sides:
- The positive side: responses may continue after treatment ends.
- The side requiring caution: immune-related adverse effects (involving the thyroid, liver, bowel, lungs, or pituitary) can appear even months after the final dose. Therefore, if a new symptom appears after immunotherapy has ended, patients should not assume, “My treatment is over, so it cannot be related.”
5. Radionuclide (molecular) therapies
Physical half-life: The time it takes for a radioactive substance to decrease by half through spontaneous decay. This is a laboratory property, independent of the body.
Effective half-life: The time it takes for the amount in the body to decrease by half. It accounts for both radioactive decay and urinary excretion, and is always shorter than the physical half-life.
The second is what matters to the patient — but precaution periods are determined by separate rules, independently of these values.
| Radioactive iodine (I-131) | Lutetium-177 | |
|---|---|---|
| Use | Thyroid cancer | Neuroendocrine tumors; prostate cancer |
| Physical half-life | 8.02 days | 6.65 days |
| Effective half-life in the body | 10.5-15.7 hours (depending on the preparation method) | 41.6 hours |
| Excretion | Mainly in urine | Through the kidneys |
The effective half-life of radioactive iodine in the body is only 10.5-15.7 hours — meaning that most of the substance is eliminated in the first few days. The physical half-life of 8 days describes its behavior in a vial, not in a patient’s body.
However, this does not mean that precautions end after one day. Precaution periods are determined separately to limit the cumulative dose that very small remaining amounts may deliver to people nearby, and are much longer.
- First 8 hours: stay approximately 1 meter away from everyone.
- 2 days: do not share cutlery, drinking glasses, or towels.
- 7 days: sleep alone.
- 7 days: stay approximately 1 meter away from pregnant people and anyone under 18; do not remain in close contact with anyone for longer than 5 minutes.
- Breastfeeding: it should be stopped 6 weeks before treatment and must not be restarted for that child.
- Pregnancy should be postponed for at least 6 months.
- Airport detectors may sound an alarm for up to 3 months after treatment — carry your treatment documentation.
- 2 days: limit contact closer than 1 meter with other people (7 days for children and pregnant people).
- 3 days: sleep separately (7 days apart from children and 15 days apart from pregnant people ).
- 7 days: avoid sexual intercourse.
- 14 weeks: use contraception.
- Follow toilet precautions carefully (urinate sitting down and flush twice) — excretion occurs through the kidneys.
In Türkiye, discharge and precaution periods for patients receiving radionuclide therapy are set by the Nuclear Regulatory Authority’s guideline and vary according to the administered activity. Because we could not access this document, we do not provide Türkiye-specific time periods or dose thresholds in this article. The periods above come from international sources; the instructions that apply to you are those in the written discharge document from your treating nuclear medicine center, and that document must be followed.
What really determines elimination: the patient, not the drug
All the figures so far apply to an “average patient.” In reality, the same drug can be eliminated over very different periods in two patients.
| Factor | What changes? |
|---|---|
| Kidney function | Dose adjustment is considered when creatinine clearance falls below 60. Examples: carboplatin dosing is calculated directly from the kidney filtration rate; when clearance is 30-50, capecitabine is reduced to 75% and is not given below 30; cisplatin is not given at 30 or below. |
| Liver function | Dose adjustment is required when bilirubin exceeds 1.5 times normal. With bilirubin of 1.5-3, doxorubicin is given at 50%of the dose; with bilirubin of 3.1-5, it is given at 25% of the dose; it is not given above 5. |
| Genetic differences | The most important example is the DPD enzyme — see below. |
| Other drugs | Small-molecule targeted drugs and many chemotherapy drugs use the same liver enzymes; other drugs taken alongside them may speed up or slow down elimination. Report everything you take, including herbal products. |
The reason the half-life of 5-fluorouracil is only 8-20 minutes is that an enzyme called DPD rapidly breaks down almost all of the drug. If this enzyme is deficient, the drug is not eliminated, and even a normal dose can cause severe, sometimes life-threatening toxicity to develop.
- In the population, partial deficiency affects up to 9%, and complete deficiency up to 0.5% of people.
- The European Medicines Agency on 30 April 2020 recommended, before starting fluorouracil, capecitabine, or tegafur, measuring blood uracil levels or testing the DPYD genotype. The same warning appears in US product information.
- Complete deficiency is an absolute contraindication; in partial deficiency, treatment starts at a reduced dose.
- An antidote is available for overdose or severe toxicity: uridine triacetate,which significantly increased survival when administered within the first 96 hours.
We could not find a verifiable source on whether DPYD testing is mandatory in Türkiye or on its reimbursement status; we therefore provide no information on these points. You can ask your team before starting treatment.
During high-dose methotrexate treatment, clearance of the drug from the blood is monitored hour by hour (measurements at 24, 42, 48, and 72 hours), and the patient is discharged only when the level has fallen sufficiently. Delayed elimination is a serious complication.
Why must the urine be alkalinized? Methotrexate crystallizes in acidic urine; these crystals damage the kidneys, and damaged kidneys cannot eliminate the drug — creating a vicious cycle in which the drug obstructs its own elimination. This is why plenty of fluids are given and urine pH is kept above 7.
Rescue therapy (leucovorin) protects healthy cells but does not remove the drug from the body. The drug that actually clears it is glucarpidase, which acts after administration within 15-20 minutes, reducing methotrexate to 1-20% of its initial level; it is most effective when given early (within the first 48-60 hours). An important technical detail: when glucarpidase is given, leucovorin must be withheld for two hours before and two hours after it.
What the patient needs to know: during this treatment, always report the other drugs you take. Some antibiotics (especially trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), nonsteroidal painkillers, diuretics, and stomach-protecting drugs slow methotrexate elimination. A medicine taken as “just a painkiller” poses a real risk here.
Frequently asked questions
- Can my spouse and I use the same toilet after chemotherapy?
- Yes. Sharing a toilet is not prohibited; what matters is how it is used: everyone should urinate sitting down, flush twice with the lid closed, and wash their hands. These precautions should generally continue for 48 hours after chemotherapy, and for one week with drugs such as cisplatin, doxorubicin, and methotrexate.
- Can I hold my grandchild or kiss my spouse?
- Yes. Hugging, kissing, holding hands, sleeping in the same bed, and eating at the same table are not prohibited — major cancer centers state this explicitly in their patient information. Precautions focus on direct contact with body fluids , not on the person. It is enough to ensure that children and pregnant people do not handle contaminated laundry, vomit, or toilet cleaning.
- Is it true that “chemotherapy stays in the body for 20 years”?
- For cisplatin, taken in isolation, this is technically correct but misleading. The half-life of active cisplatin is 20-30 minutes; what is detected for years is inactive platinum bound to blood proteins and no longer able to exert an effect. It does not mean “chemotherapy is still circulating inside me.” Long-term monitoring of kidney function is nevertheless a separate necessity.
- If a drug has a short half-life, do its adverse effects also disappear quickly?
- No — these are different clocks. The half-life of 5-FU is 20 minutes, but its effects last for days. A leuprolide injection has a half-life of 3 hours, but its depot formulation releases the drug for months. Immune-related adverse effects can appear even after immunotherapy drugs have left the body. Half-life describes how long a drug can be measured in the blood, not how long it continues to act.
- How long after treatment ends can I have a child?
- This is a much longer period that should not be confused with toilet precautions, and it differs for each drug: for example, 7 months after the last dose of trastuzumab, 4 months after pembrolizumab, 14 weeks after lutetium-177 treatment, and at least 6 months after radioactive iodine. Always ask your treating team about the period for your own drug; there is no general rule.
- My kidneys do not work well. Will the drug accumulate?
- This is one of the most common reasons for dose adjustment, and your team already takes it into account. For drugs eliminated through the kidneys (such as cisplatin, capecitabine, and methotrexate), the dose is reduced or the drug is changed; carboplatin dosing is calculated directly from the kidney filtration rate. The same principle applies to the liver. This is why blood tests are requested before every cycle — they are not a formality, but the basis of the dose decision itself.
Glossary
- Half-life (t½)
- The time it takes for the amount of drug in the blood to decrease by half. After approximately 5 half-lives, 97% of the drug has been eliminated.
- Terminal half-life
- The half-life of the slow decline phase after distribution is complete. A long terminal half-life does not mean that the drug is still active.
- Effective half-life
- In radioactive treatments, the time it takes for the amount in the body to decrease by half; it includes both decay and excretion and is shorter than the physical half-life.
- Metabolite
- A product formed when a drug is processed in the body. Some are inactive; others produce the main effect, as with tamoxifen and imatinib.
- Creatinine clearance
- A measure of the kidney’s filtration rate. It is often used to determine cancer drug doses.
- DPD / DPYD
- The enzyme that breaks down 5-FU and capecitabine, and the gene encoding it. When deficient, the drug is not eliminated and severe toxicity occurs.
- Monoclonal antibody
- A large protein drug designed to bind to a specific target. It is not filtered by the kidneys and does not pass through liver enzymes; it is broken down like other proteins.
- FcRn recycling
- The mechanism that returns antibodies to the blood without their being degraded inside cells; it explains their long half-lives.
- Depot formulation
- An injectable formulation that slowly releases the active substance over weeks or months. The release period, rather than the half-life, is the determining factor.
- Glucarpidase
- A drug that breaks down methotrexate in the blood within minutes; it is used for delayed elimination.
DROZDOGAN Academy Commentary
This question is constantly asked in outpatient clinics, but the way it is phrased rarely matches what is meant. When a patient asks “how long does it take to leave the body,” they are often seeking permission rather than a pharmacology lesson: can they hold their grandchild or sleep in the same bed as their spouse?
⚡ Why does this matter?
There is harm in two directions. On one side are patients who unnecessarily isolate themselves, avoid their children, and shut themselves at home because they have not been properly informed. On the other are patients who never follow toilet precautions and unknowingly expose their households because they have received no information at all. Both have the same cause: almost all Turkish-language patient information directs patients to protect themselves, while omitting the section on protecting the household entirely.
✅ Strengths / what is improving
Some clear statements can be made in this area. The general 48-hour rule can be applied and taught. The Turkish Oncology Nursing Association’s standards already include the instruction “for two days, flush twice” — so the rule is defined in Türkiye too; what is missing is its communication to patients. The European regulator’s 2020 recommendation on DPD testing shows that individual differences in elimination can now be measured before treatment. Glucarpidase offers a solution within minutes in the one situation where elimination becomes an emergency.
⚠️ Limitations / what should not be overstated
The only consolidated excretion table underlying this article relies on old measurements, which is the field’s weakest point. Differences between sources recommending 48 hours and 7 days remain unresolved. Exposure has been demonstrated in household members, but harm has not been demonstrated — precautions are based on an unknown safe dose rather than a proven hazard; failing to say this can cause unnecessary fear. We could not access Türkiye-specific radionuclide discharge thresholds. And technically correct statements such as “cisplatin stays in the body for 20 years” can distress patients for years when presented without context.
🩺 Our approach in practice
- We explain the three clocks separately: time in the blood, excretion in urine and feces, and duration of effects. Patients are almost always asking about the second.
- We provide written household precautions before the first cycle — and include “what is not prohibited.” Explaining what is allowed is as important as explaining what is prohibited.
- For patients receiving cisplatin, anthracyclines, or methotrexate, we extend the period to one week, and explain separately that excretion in feces lasts longer than excretion in urine.
- We never give household precaution periods and contraception periods in the same sentence. Confusing them is the most common error with the most serious consequences.
- We put the statement “it stays in the body for years” into context: bound platinum is inactive; kidney function is what actually needs monitoring.
- We ask patients receiving high-dose methotrexate for their medication list — an over-the-counter painkiller poses a real risk here.
- For radionuclide treatment, we follow the center’s own written document; general periods found online cannot replace it.
❓ Open questions
Whether household precautions should last 48 hours or 7 days needs to be reassessed using current measurements; the available table is decades old. Whether low-level exposure in household members has any long-term significance is unknown — and difficult to measure. The extent and accessibility of DPYD testing in Türkiye are unclear, even though this test has the potential to prevent severe avoidable toxicity.
- Additions (the main reason for this article): The household safety precautions section is entirely new. The previous text did not address what patients were actually asking about — toilets, laundry, sexual intercourse, or close contact. Also added were DPD enzyme deficiency, delayed elimination of high-dose methotrexate, dose adjustment in kidney and liver failure, the concept of depot formulations, and lists of precautions for radionuclide therapies.
- Corrections: Cisplatin — the statement “it is eliminated in 3-5 days, while inactive metabolites remain for weeks” was corrected in both respects (free drug: 20-30 minutes; bound platinum can be detected for years but is inactive). Trastuzumab — the statement “the liver and immune system play a role” was corrected; monoclonal antibodies are not processed by liver enzymes but handled through proteolysis and FcRn recycling. Their half-life is not a fixed 28-30 days, either, but ranges from 12.6-26.6 days. Paclitaxel — the actual range (13.1-52.7 hours) replaced a single value of “27 hours,” and elimination predominantly through bile and feces was specified. Abiraterone — 14.4-16.5 hours instead of 12 hours. Leuprolide — a note was added explaining that a half-life of 3-4 hours has no practical relevance to the depot formulation. Tamoxifen — its metabolite, with a half-life of ~14 days, was added as the main determining factor. Imatinib — the ~40-hour half-life of its active metabolite was added. 5-FU — 8-20 minutes instead of 10-20 minutes. Radioactive iodine — the statement “it stays in the body for about a week” was corrected by distinguishing physical from effective half-life. The headings’ id tags were removed.
- Omitted because they could not be verified: The half-life of radium-223 (it should be checked against the product information). Türkiye-specific radionuclide discharge activity thresholds and numbers of days — the Nuclear Regulatory Authority guideline could not be accessed. A waiting period for breastfeeding after chemotherapy — no reliable data could be found. Whether DPYD testing is mandatory in Türkiye, its availability and reimbursement status; and the availability of glucarpidase and uridine triacetate in Türkiye.
- Source quality warning: The table showing excretion periods in urine and feces was taken from a standards document based on measurements published in the 1990s; this is its most important known limitation. Sources differ on whether household precautions should last 48 hours or 7 days, and this disagreement has not been concealed in the article.
This article is for information and does not replace personalized medical advice. Follow your treating team’s written instructions for precaution periods specific to your treatment.
References
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- Ryman JT, Meibohm B. Pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2017;6(9):576-588.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Prescribing information: trastuzumab, paclitaxel, abiraterone acetate, imatinib, erlotinib, sorafenib, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab, fluorouracil, lutetium Lu-177 vipivotide tetraxetan.
- Hänscheid H, Lassmann M, Luster M, et al. Iodine biokinetics and dosimetry in radioiodine therapy of thyroid cancer: procedures and results of a prospective international controlled study of ablation after rhTSH or hormone withdrawal. J Nucl Med. 2008;49(9):1445-1454.
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- European Medicines Agency. EMA recommendations on DPD testing prior to treatment with fluorouracil, capecitabine, tegafur and flucytosine. 30 April 2020.
- Ramsey LB, Balis FM, O'Brien MM, et al. Consensus guideline for use of glucarpidase in patients with high-dose methotrexate induced kidney dysfunction and delayed methotrexate clearance. Oncologist. 2018.
- Ma WW, Saif MW, El-Rayes BF, et al. Emergency use of uridine triacetate for the prevention and treatment of life-threatening 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine toxicity. Cancer. 2017.
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