What Is a Biomarker, Tumor Marker or Biological Indicator? What Role Does It Play in Cancer?

Cancer is a leading cause of disease-related deaths worldwide. High mortality reflects missing early-detection biomarkers and consequently undeveloped targeted treatments. Discovering biological markers distinguishing cancer cells is a research focus. Why are these molecules so important?

Biomarkers are molecules in blood, other body fluids and tissues indicating normal or abnormal processes.

Biomarkers are biological indicators , another name for them. In cancer, they are often called tumor markers . They may be proteins (enzymes and receptors), DNA, RNA, antibodies or peptides. They are analyzed in whole blood, serum, plasma, circulation or secretions such as stool, urine, nipple discharge and saliva.

The sample for genetic biomarker analysis depends on mutation type. Whole blood or saliva can assess gene damage in body cells. For Germ line mutations , DNA obtained from tumor tissue is analyzed and compared with DNA in body cells. This identifies the gene in which a mutation occurred.

Discovering biomarkers is vital for targeted drug development. Advanced genetic test systems contribute topersonalized medicine = precision medicineas a field. 

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